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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people with ADHD also suffer from comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients do not respond to depression medications and may benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. The most commonly prescribed stimulants are amphetamine, methylphenidate and similar medications. Medications Adults are able to take many different medications to treat ADHD in children. The dosages and effects can be different. A doctor will consider the medical history of the patient, family history, and other health conditions to determine what medication is the best for them. The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall), and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters, which help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in various forms, including skin patches, liquids and chewable tablets. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are more effective because they provide more patient compliance and lasting and smoother improvement in symptoms. It is crucial to be aware that comorbid conditions like anxiety or depression may affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that mental health issues be treated first, and then medication used as a secondary measure. The drugs that can be used for comorbidity disorders include atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants, and bupropion (Wilens 2004). Certain patients may experience a “rebound” effect where they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these instances it is possible to try a short-term trial of an atypical stimulant drug could prove beneficial. Some people are unable to tolerate stimulant drugs or are not able to take them due to addiction or other health conditions, such as severe heart problems or hypertension. In these situations, nonstimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and viloxazine may be beneficial. These drugs don't have the same adverse effects as stimulants, and are less likely to be abused or misused. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD may benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help them gain skills to improve their life to manage anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, and cope with issues in relationships or at work. It can also help those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the notion that a person's beliefs and thoughts affect how they feel, think and act. CBT helps people recognize negative behaviors and thinking patterns, and then develops and implements strategies to change these patterns. The use of meditation techniques in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help a person concentrate on their thoughts and emotions as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy and other types of psychotherapy that focus on a person's family history may be useful for people with ADHD who have significant secondary issues. In addition to medications psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific issues that arise from ADHD like difficulty keeping up with schoolwork, resolving conflicts, getting along with others, forgetting important dates or obligations and making impulsive choices that result in legal or financial problems. It can also help individuals to address and overcome issues that contribute to their ADHD symptoms, such as anxiety or depression. Psychotherapy can assist a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, such as exercises, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to a family member or spouse who is struggling with the effects ADHD affects their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on transforming the client's negative thinking patterns. It involves a dialog based on skill with an expert in mental health to identify the root causes of the symptoms. This treatment aims to assist clients overcome their limitations and develop coping strategies that are appropriate to their everyday lives. In addition, they teach clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts, those who specialize in adult ADHD CBT assist them in developing abilities that enable clients to replace their negative thoughts with more productive ones. The process can be long. It's a possibility for those who cannot receive enough relief from their medications. In an upcoming RCT that was conducted, it was discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy paired with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy on its own in terms of improving the core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem, and social performance in adults with ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly effective for those who have more severe underlying issues. The therapists who provide this kind of treatment usually collaborate with the client to create an action plan that is specific to solving their issues. They usually teach them the fundamentals of therapy that are easy to apply and have a high likelihood of success. Often a chart system is utilized to track the progress of a child and reward positive behavior. For a child, this might include a daily report that outlines all of the in-school tasks or positive behavior they need to accomplish and an approach to recording and earning rewards. The therapists may also consider introducing negative consequences when children fail to complete their work. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive manner. Metacognitive Therapy A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy assists individuals in changing how they think. This type of treatment can be beneficial for people with a variety of mental health problems which include depression. It's a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps individuals learn to recognize their negative thoughts and how they impact their emotions. This kind of therapy can assist them in acquiring psychological tools that are able and useful. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive skills and daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD. To accomplish this we examined the relationship between self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge and cognition regulation, debugging, information management, and evaluation). It was observed that comprehensive knowledge was connected to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that regulatory processes were not. The predictive effectiveness of a model that includes metacognition predictors was moderate, indicating that they can explain a significant amount of the variance in daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy that focuses on modifying dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs that perpetuate states of anxiety, rumination and attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on a model of information processing created by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety disorder, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is needed to determine its effectiveness in other disorders. treat adhd in adults of this study was to determine the efficacy of MCT in decreasing symptoms of anxiety disorder, but it can be applied to a range of disorders and could be more effective than other therapies. This isn't a cure, but it could be employed to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist works with all family members. This allows all members to understand the client's problems and learn how to support their loved ones better. It also helps them deal with their frustrations and build more effective communication skills. This kind of counseling can also be used to address the underlying conditions, like addiction and depression that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to better understand the family's perception and determine whether they are suitable for family intervention. The session can be conducted in person or online. The counselor will explain to each participant the nature of treatment and the rules and regulations for family therapy. A therapist with had experience working with adults suffering from ADHD asks lots of questions to gain an understanding of their present symptoms as well as their past and the impact that they have on their family, work and relationships. They will also ask if there are any other mental health issues that are present, such as depression or anxiety. treating add is a type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and change negative thinking patterns into positive ones. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to manage stress and anger. This is a temporary option that can be used in conjunction with other types psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people with ADHD deal with emotional trauma from a long-running pattern of underachievement, failure academic issues, frequent job changes and relationship conflict. It can help you learn coping and stress reduction techniques and help you manage your time and finances more efficiently. It can be used to treat the comorbidities, like anxiety and mood disorders, that are often associated with ADHD.